Hello,

This blogpost is part of thinking activity, Articles on postcolonial studies given by Dilip Barad sir, Department of English, MKBU.

Articles on Postcolonial Studies

Article 1

The article "Globalization and the Future of Postcolonial Studies" explores how globalization changes the identities of postcolonial societies by integrating them into the global economy. Global capitalism impacts these societies by prioritizing profit, leading to the erosion of traditional cultures and local economies. Cultural practices often become commodified, and the economic shift favors global markets over local sustainability.

In films like Slumdog Millionaire and novels like The White Tiger, we see how globalization affects characters’ identities. They struggle between adopting modern, global lifestyles and retaining their cultural roots. For instance, The White Tiger portrays the conflict between rural Indian traditions and the urban demands of a globalized economy. The protagonist, Balram, has to navigate these two worlds, embodying the complexities of postcolonial identity in a rapidly changing world.

Similarly, Slumdog Millionaire shows how characters adapt to global economic forces but face the erasure of traditional values in the process. Both works highlight the challenges of survival in a globalized system that often undermines cultural heritage, forcing individuals to redefine their identities in the context of new global realities.

Article 2

The article "Globalization and Fiction: Exploring Postcolonial Critique and Literary Representations" examines how contemporary fiction critiques the effects of globalization from a postcolonial perspective. It discusses how writers from formerly colonized countries tackle issues like cultural identity, resistance to Western dominance, and the blending (or hybridity) of cultures in a globalized world.

Postcolonial authors often explore themes like resistance to cultural erasure, the struggles of maintaining identity in a globalized world, and the mixing of cultures (hybridity) due to colonial legacies. They portray how globalization can reinforce old patterns of exploitation but also create new spaces for cultural negotiation and identity transformation. For example, novels by authors like Arundhati Roy or Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie highlight these struggles.

In film, Slumdog Millionaire can be analyzed similarly. It portrays a hybrid India, caught between its rich cultural history and modern globalization, where characters navigate identity crises and the pressure of Western influences. The film can be seen as both celebrating cultural hybridity while also exposing the challenges globalization imposes on postcolonial societies.

The broader implication of this analysis is that postcolonial thought remains highly relevant in today’s globalized world. The continued dominance of Western cultures in global narratives often marginalizes postcolonial voices, but fiction and films offer a space for these voices to resist, adapt, and redefine their identities.

Article 3

The article "Postcolonial Studies in the Anthropocene: Bridging Perspectives for a Sustainable Future" examines how postcolonial studies connect with environmental concerns in the Anthropocene, a period defined by human impact on Earth. It discusses how colonized nations are more vulnerable to climate change and environmental destruction due to historical exploitation and fewer resources for resilience.

Colonized peoples often live in areas hardest hit by climate change, like rising sea levels or deforestation, yet have the least ability to cope. Films like Beasts of the Southern Wild show how marginalized communities are left to face the harsh realities of ecological destruction. Set in a fictional southern U.S. bayou, the film parallels the struggles of formerly colonized nations, depicting the fight for survival as climate change threatens to erase their homes and culture. 

These works highlight the connection between historical exploitation and present environmental crises, where the most affected are often the least responsible for the damage.

Article 4

The article "Heroes or Hegemons: The Celluloid Empire of Rambo and Bond in America's Geopolitical Narrative" discusses how Hollywood films, specifically the Rambo and James Bond franchises, shape global perceptions of U.S. dominance. It examines how these films portray American heroes as saviors, often reinforcing a narrative of Western superiority and control over other nations. These films support the idea of the U.S. as a global leader and defender, often marginalizing other cultures and perspectives.

Hollywood movies, like Rambo and Bond, project American dominance through action-packed stories where the U.S. (or its allies) triumph over evil forces, usually from non-Western nations. This reinforces the idea of the U.S. as a moral authority. Postcolonial critiques argue that these narratives perpetuate the "us vs. them" mindset, where the West is "civilized" and the rest of the world is depicted as "savage" or needing rescue.

Other films and TV series that reinforce similar hegemonic ideals include Top Gun, 24, and American Sniper, which all showcase American military or intelligence prowess, while subtly supporting the idea of U.S. superiority on the global stage. These narratives often exclude or oversimplify the perspectives of other nations, contributing to a one-sided view of global power.

Article 5

The article "Reimagining Resistance: The Appropriation of Tribal Heroes in Rajamouli's RRR" explores how the film RRR reimagines and portrays tribal resistance against British colonial rule. It examines how the film takes real historical figures from tribal communities and reshapes them into cinematic heroes, sometimes altering their struggles to fit a broader, more dramatic narrative.

In RRR, tribal resistance is reimagined as a larger-than-life battle against colonial forces. While this can inspire a sense of pride and defiance against oppression, it can also distort historical realities by simplifying or romanticizing the resistance. Such narratives can both contribute to postcolonial struggles by keeping the memory of resistance alive and empowering oppressed groups, but they can also undermine these struggles if they reduce complex histories into entertainment, overshadowing the true voices and experiences of indigenous or subaltern heroes.

Other films like Avatar or The Last of the Mohicans also portray resistance from indigenous or subaltern characters but often appropriate their struggles for broader commercial narratives, sometimes missing the nuance of their actual historical or cultural contexts.

References:-

Barad, Dilip. “GLOBALIZATION AND FICTION: EXPLORING POSTCOLONIAL CRITIQUE AND LITERARY REPRESENTATIONS.” 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376374570_GLOBALIZATION_AND_THE_FUTURE_OF_POSTCOLONIAL_STUDIES Accessed 23 September 2024.

Barad, Dilip. “GLOBALIZATION AND THE FUTURE OF POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES.” ResearchGate. ResearchGate, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376371617_GLOBALIZATION_AND_FICTION_EXPLORING_POSTCOLONIAL_CRITIQUE_AND_LITERARY_REPRESENTATIONS Accessed 23 September 2024.

Barad, Dilip. “Heroes or Hegemons? The Celluloid Empire of Rambo and Bond in America's Geopolitical Narrative.” 2024, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/376374708_POSTCOLONIAL_STUDIES_IN_THE_ANTHROPOCENE_BRIDGING_PERSPECTIVES_FOR_A_SUSTAINABLE_FUTURE Accessed 23 September 2024.

Barad, Dilip. “POSTCOLONIAL STUDIES IN THE ANTHROPOCENE: BRIDGING PERSPECTIVES FOR A SUSTAINABLE FUTURE.” 2022, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383415195_Heroes_or_Hegemons_The_Celluloid_Empire_of_Rambo_and_Bond_in_America's_Geopolitical_Narrative Accessed 23 September 2024.

Barad, Dilip. “Reimagining Resistance: The Appropriation of Tribal Heroes in Rajamouli's RRR.” 2024,  https://www.researchgate.net/publication/383603395_Reimagining_Resistance_The_Appropriation_of_Tribal_Heroes_in_Rajamouli's_RRR Accessed 23 September 2024.

 Hello, 

This part of thinking activity on Dr sarvapalli Radhakrishnan as a Prose Writer given by Prakruti Ma'am, Department of English, MKBU.

Dr. Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan as a Prose Writer

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan  (5 September 1888 – 17 April 1975) natively Radhakrishnan was an Indian politician, philosopher and statesman who served as the second president of India from 1962 to 1967.

• Write a note on S. Radhakrishnan’s perspective on Hinduism.

In The Hindu View of Life (1962), Radhakrishnan presents an important perspective to reshape the global understanding of Hinduism, particularly in the West. He emphasizes that Hinduism is not just a religion, but a way of life, grounded in distinct spiritual and philosophical values. During the early 19th century, Europeans often saw Hinduism as backward and superstitious, but Radhakrishnan, with his deep knowledge of the Vedas and Upanishads, aimed to correct this misunderstanding by highlighting Hinduism’s depth and adaptability.

Radhakrishnan also explores the origins of the term "Hinduism," explaining that it stems from the geographical name of the river Sindhu (Indus), with outsiders labeling the people living there as "Hindus." This historical context shows that Hinduism is not a rigidly defined religious system but an inclusive and flexible tradition shaped by individual experience.

A key element in his argument is Dharma, which he defines as the moral and ethical responsibilities guiding daily life. By connecting karma to dharma, Radhakrishnan argues that in Hinduism, personal actions are directly tied to righteousness, making duties and responsibilities essential to religious practice. He presents Hinduism as more of a life philosophy than a system based on rituals or rigid beliefs.

Additionally, Radhakrishnan emphasizes Hinduism's pluralism, pointing out that it allows for the worship of many gods and sects, unlike the monotheism seen in other religions. This diversity, he argues, grants Hindus the freedom to choose how they worship, reflecting the religion's openness. He also insists that Hinduism is grounded in rationality and science, rather than superstition.

He further explains the two main aspects of Hinduism: practical and philosophical. The practical aspect relates to the material world, while the philosophical side involves personal experience and self-realization. Together, these aspects form a comprehensive outlook on life.

Addressing the caste system, Radhakrishnan explains that its original purpose was to organize society based on different roles and duties, rather than to create discrimination. He acknowledges, however, that the system became rigid and harmful over time, and advocates for reform by eliminating outdated and negative practices.

Radhakrishnan outlines the four key principles of Hindu dharma—Dharma, Artha (prosperity), Kama (pleasure), and Moksha (liberation)—as essential for living a balanced and meaningful life.

In conclusion, Radhakrishnan portrays Hinduism as an evolving and dynamic tradition with the capacity for self-correction. His defense of Hinduism to the Western world highlights its philosophical richness, tolerance, and adaptability.

• Write a note on the contribution of S. Radhakrishnan in Indian Writing in English.

Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, a respected academician, philosopher, and statesman, played a crucial role in shaping Indian Writing in English through his insightful exploration of Hinduism. During the early 19th century, Hinduism was often misunderstood and misrepresented in the Western world. Drawing on his extensive knowledge of the Vedas and Upanishads, Radhakrishnan aimed to correct these misconceptions by presenting a more accurate and philosophical view of Hinduism. His works, such as An Idealist View of Life (1932) and The Hindu View of Life (1962), are regarded as groundbreaking texts that made Hindu philosophy accessible to Western audiences while maintaining intellectual depth.

During a time when few Indian writers were expressing themselves in English, Radhakrishnan led the way, encouraging others to follow suit. His scholarly revisit to the ancient texts of the Vedas and Upanishads gained attention and appreciation, particularly during the Swadeshi movement, when the revival of Indian culture and heritage was a focal point. Through his interpretations, he brought these forgotten texts into the contemporary conversation, providing fresh insights into their philosophical depths and presenting Hinduism in a renewed light.

Radhakrishnan’s impact extended beyond his writings. He delivered lectures at some of the most prestigious universities around the world, where his ability to articulate Hindu philosophy in English left a lasting impression. These lectures, later compiled into books, presented an image of an Indian intellectual capable of engaging with complex philosophical discourse in the global academic arena. His eloquence and clarity helped dispel misconceptions about Hinduism and showcased the depth of Indian thought.

Additionally, Radhakrishnan contributed significantly to the improvement of higher education in India. He chaired the Radhakrishnan Commission, a body set up to assess the condition of university education in the country and recommend reforms. The commission’s suggestions played a key role in shaping and enhancing the Indian education system, making his influence felt not only in philosophical circles but also in the educational domain.

In summary, Radhakrishnan's contributions to Indian Writing in English were far-reaching, improving the Western understanding of Hinduism, setting an example for Indian intellectuals, and promoting higher education reforms in India. Through his works and lectures, he bridged the gap between Eastern and Western thought, elevating the stature of Indian philosophy in global academic discussions.

• According to Radhakrishnan, what is the function of philosophy?

According to Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan, the primary function of philosophy is to elevate human understanding to a higher plane. He emphasized that people encounter a wide range of experiences, both personal and philosophical, which are deeply influenced by intuition. Radhakrishnan believed that our experiences are rooted in this intuitive awareness, and grasping the philosophy of intuition is essential for comprehending the higher levels of self. Moreover, he saw philosophy as intricately connected to the fundamental questions of existence and the basic principles of life.

For Radhakrishnan, philosophy was more than just a discipline for gathering knowledge; it was a means of gaining profound insights into life, reality, and values. He argued that philosophy allows us to perceive the interconnectedness of things, revealing deeper truths that are not immediately visible. By guiding individuals through these complex ideas, philosophy helps to unravel the mysteries of existence.

Radhakrishnan also believed that philosophy plays a critical role in fostering intellectual and moral development. It encourages reflective thinking, prompting individuals to engage in critical analysis and make more informed decisions. In this sense, philosophy not only enhances our understanding of the world but also helps us grow as individuals, guiding us towards ethical living. For him, philosophy was ultimately a tool for both deepening our knowledge and bettering ourselves.

Words- 1066

Image- 1

The Home and the World

Hello,

This blog post is a part of thinking activity on the critical analysis of the novel 'The Home and the World' by Rabindranath Tagore given by Megha ma'am. Department of English MKBU. 

                                      

   Rabindranath Tagore

                                                                              

 Rabindranath Tagore (1861 – 1941) was an Indian poet, writer, playwright, composer, philosopher, social reformer, and painter of the Bengal Renaissance. He reshaped Bengali literature and music as well as Indian art with Contextual Modernism in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

He completed his higher education in England. He began writing poems and short stories from a tender age and wrote dramatic pieces such as Valmiki Pratibha. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1913 for Gitanjali. His work explored themes of spirituality, humanism, nature, and social reform. He advocated for global unity and was critical of aggressive nationalism. Key works include the novels Gora, The Home and the World, and the short story Kabuliwala. Tagore's legacy extends beyond literature into music, education, and social thought.

      

 The Home and the World

The title The Home and the World reflects the conflict between personal life and public duty. Nikhilesh stands for the "home"—a place of calm, reason, and strong moral values. On the other hand, Sandeep represents the "world"—a space filled with political action, passion, and emotion. Bimala's journey shows how individuals must find a balance between these two areas, as the Swadeshi movement impacts both her personal (home) and political (world) life.

Tagore demonstrates that when politics enters the home, personal relationships often suffer. Bimala's attraction to Sandeep’s political ideals causes tension in her marriage, and the chaos of the Swadeshi movement disrupts the peace in her life. In the end, Tagore suggests that both the home and the world are important and must be balanced. Neither one should be completely sacrificed for the other.

The Swadeshi Movement: Both Good and Bad

The Swadeshi movement was meant to make India self-reliant by boycotting British goods. In the novel, Tagore shows both the good and the bad sides of the movement. On one hand, it was about fighting for freedom and independence. On the other hand, some people used the movement for their own selfish reasons, which led to violence and chaos.

Tagore gives us a balanced view of the Swadeshi movement. While it aimed to create change and independence, it also caused harm when people followed it blindly, without thinking about right and wrong.

The Love Triangle: Nikhilesh, Sandeep, and Bimala

           

The love triangle in The Home and the World critically reflects the conflict between idealism and passion in both personal and political spheres. Nikhilesh represents calm, ethical love and moderate nationalism, valuing respect and individual freedom. However, his passive approach makes him vulnerable in both his marriage and political views. 

Sandeep, on the other hand, uses passion and manipulation, symbolizing extreme nationalism and self-interest. His pursuit of Bimala mirrors his exploitation of the Swadeshi movement for personal gain, revealing the dangers of unchecked political fanaticism.

Bimala is caught between these two opposing forces, reflecting the personal struggle between traditional values (represented by Nikhilesh) and the seductive allure of radical action (represented by Sandeep). Her emotional journey shows the cost of allowing politics to invade personal relationships.

Bimala: Caught Between Two Worlds

Bimala’s journey reflects the inner struggle many people felt at the time—whether to stay focused on personal duties at home or get involved in the larger political fight for freedom. While she initially falls for Sandeep’s fiery speeches, she later realizes that his version of nationalism is selfish and harmful. In the end, she regrets her choices but cannot undo the damage that has been done to her marriage and personal life.

In a critical perspective, Nikhilesh represents the idealistic side of nationalism, rooted in ethics and humanism. He believes that real freedom must begin with personal integrity and self-discipline. Nikhilesh embodies Tagore's vision of rational, peaceful leadership that values individual rights and opposes the aggressive, emotional approach of extremists. His reluctance to control Bimala shows his belief in personal freedom, but this also becomes a weakness, as it leads to his passive suffering when she becomes influenced by Sandeep.

Sandeep, on the other hand, represents the darker side of nationalism, characterized by emotional manipulation, violence, and selfish ambition. While he outwardly supports the Swadeshi cause, Sandeep’s actions reveal his desire for power and control, more than genuine concern for India’s freedom. His approach highlights the dangers of fanaticism, where political movements are exploited for personal gain, and ethics are discarded in the pursuit of victory.

Critically, Tagore uses these two characters to contrast moral nationalism with dangerous, unchecked patriotism. Nikhilesh's ideals, while noble, may seem too passive in times of crisis, whereas Sandeep's intensity, though effective in rallying support, leads to moral decay. This tension reflects Tagore’s skepticism about the direction of the Swadeshi movement and serves as a critique of extremist approaches to freedom struggles.

Example:

"Gora" is a novel by Rabindranath Tagore about a young man in late 19th century Calcutta who strongly believes in traditional Hinduism and Indian nationalism. As he interacts with people of different beliefs, especially from the Brahmo Samaj, he begins to question his rigid views. The story climaxes when Gora discovers he was born to Irish parents, forcing him to reconsider his ideas about identity and religion.

Both "Gora" and "The Home and the World" are set in Bengal during times of social change. They explore how people's personal beliefs and identities are challenged by new ideas and social movements. While the specific focus of each novel differs, both reflect Tagore's interest in examining the complexities of Indian society as it faced questions of tradition, modernity, and national identity in the early 20th century.

Word Count: 953

Images: 5

Thank you 

Midnight's Children

 Midnight's Children by Salman Rushdie

Hello,
This blog is written as a response to a task Midnight's Children assigned by Dilip Barad sir, Department of English MKBU. 

                                                          

1. Justification of the Title

Salman Rushdie's choice of "Midnight's Children" over "Children of Midnight" as the title for his novel is an intriguing one.

By putting "Midnight's" first, Rushdie emphasizes the moment of India's independence - that crucial stroke of midnight - rather than the children themselves. This subtle shift in focus places historical context at the forefront, suggesting that the story is as much about a nation's birth as it is about the individuals born at that moment.

The possessive form in "Midnight's Children" also implies a stronger connection between the children and that pivotal moment in time. It's as if midnight itself has claimed ownership of these kids, tying their fates inextricably to India's destiny. This plays into one of the book's big themes: how personal lives are shaped by historical events.

Moreover, "Midnight's Children" has a more mythical quality to it. It sounds like the title of a fairy tale or legend, which fits well with the novel's use of magical realism. The phrase suggests these kids are somehow magical or special, born with extraordinary abilities or destinies - which, in the story, they are.

While "Children of Midnight" might seem more logical given its frequency in the text, it doesn't pack the same punch. It feels more literal, less evocative. "Midnight's Children" leaves more to the imagination, inviting readers to question what it means and how it relates to the story.

In the end, Rushdie's title choice reflects the complex interplay between individual lives and national history that's at the heart of the novel. It sets the stage for a story that's both intimately personal and sweepingly historical, magical and real, all at once. By choosing the less common but more evocative phrase, Rushdie created a title that captures the essence of his ambitious, multifaceted narrative.

2. Postcolonial Voices: Theoretical Lenses

Salman Rushdie’s Midnight’s Childrenis a powerful novel that explores India’s journey after independence, and it can be analyzed through postcolonial theory to understand its deeper meanings. One important concept in postcolonial theory is Orientalism, introduced by Edward Said. Said explained how the West often portrayed the East as exotic and inferior. Rushdie challenges this in Midnight's Children by offering a complex portrayal of India, rejecting the simplistic Western view. His use of magical realism blends history and fantasy, showing that India cannot be reduced to a single narrative.

Hybridity, a concept by Homi Bhabha, is central to the novel. It refers to the mixing of cultures and identities in colonized societies. The main character, Saleem Sinai, embodies this idea. He represents both Indian and Western cultures but feels like he doesn’t fully belong to either. This reflects the idea that postcolonial identities are fluid and constantly evolving, which is a major theme in the novel.

Gayatri Spivak’s idea of the subaltern—marginalized groups whose voices are often silenced—also comes into play. Saleem is the narrator, but his story is filled with gaps and biases, showing that he cannot fully represent the experiences of all Indians, especially those from marginalized backgrounds. This highlights the idea that not every voice in a postcolonial society gets to be heard.

Finally, Frantz Fanon’s warnings about postcolonial nationalism are evident in the novel’s critique of India’s political struggles after independence. Saleem becomes disillusioned with the country's leadership, especially during the Emergency period, reflecting Fanon’s concern that newly independent nations can repeat the mistakes of their colonial rulers.

In conclusion, Midnight’s Children engages deeply with postcolonial theory, offering a rich and nuanced exploration of India’s postcolonial identity. It critiques the legacy of colonialism and the challenges of creating a new national identity while highlighting the complexities of history, culture, and personal narratives.

3. The Role of 'English' in the Novel

In Midnight's Children, Salman Rushdie uses English in a distinctive way, often described as "chutnified" or "de-doxified" English. This refers to his blending of standard English with the rhythms, idioms, and vocabulary of Indian languages like Hindi, Urdu, and others, creating a unique, hybrid form of the language. By doing so, Rushdie subverts the colonial legacy of English as a language of power and domination, instead transforming it into a tool that reflects the diverse and multilingual reality of postcolonial India.

This "chutnification" of English allows Rushdie to express the complexities of Indian identity and experience in a postcolonial context. The language in the novel often shifts in tone, moving from formal, literary English to casual, conversational forms that incorporate Indian slang and references. This mirrors the novel’s broader themes of hybridity and the mixing of cultures.

Rushdie’s use of a hybrid English can also be understood through the lens of Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o's ideas on language in postcolonial societies. While Ngũgĩ advocates for a return to indigenous languages, Rushdie’s approach is different. He does not reject English entirely but instead transforms it, making it his own and showing how language, even one associated with colonialism, can be decolonized and used to represent the voices of formerly colonized people. His playful, mixed use of language becomes a form of resistance, challenging the notion that English should remain a rigid, standardized language.

In this way, Rushdie’s "chutnified" English in Midnight's Children becomes a reflection of the novel’s hybrid world, where identities, histories, and languages are all constantly intersecting and evolving.

4) Portrayal of the Emergency (1975-77)

Salman Rushdie, in his novel Midnight’s Children, sharply criticizes the Emergency. He portrays it as a “cardinal sin” against democracy, using satire to depict Indira Gandhi as a dictator-like figure. For Rushdie, the Emergency was a time of fear, repression, and abuse of power, which violated fundamental principles of freedom and truth. He uses fiction to highlight the moral wrongs of this period, focusing not just on political issues but also on the deeper moral consequences.

Salman Rushdie's decision not to meet Indira Gandhi during her visit to London in 1981, despite being invited. Rushdie had recently published his critically acclaimed novel "Midnight's Children," which contained harsh criticisms of Gandhi. When Gandhi invited him to a gathering, Rushdie declined, citing his status as a near-citizen of London and his reluctance to bow down to political powers. In his absence, British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher praised the novel as a significant contribution to Anglo-Indian cultural relations. Gandhi, who had read the book and was deeply offended by its content, was reportedly furious at both Rushdie and Thatcher. The speaker also notes that Rushdie and Gandhi, despite their significant age difference and political disagreements, shared commonalities, as both were born in 1917 and the novel's opening year.

The question of truth and imaginative truth is central to how both Katherine Frank and Salman Rushdie portray Indira Gandhi. Frank’s biography sticks to the factual events of her life, while Rushdie uses fiction to explore symbolic and deeper truths about power and democracy. 

5. Metaphor of Bulldozer

Salman Rushdie's use of the bulldozer as a symbol in "Midnight's Children" is a remarkably effective literary device. This analysis provides valuable insights into how Rushdie employs this imagery to convey complex themes of governmental oppression and societal erasure.

In the novel, the bulldozer represents more than mere physical destruction. It becomes a powerful metaphor for the authoritarian state's ability to obliterate communities, identities, and histories. Rushdie's portrayal emphasizes how unchecked political power can dehumanize individuals, reducing them to insignificant objects in the path of progress.

The irony of "civic beautification" programs, as depicted in the novel, is particularly striking. Rushdie juxtaposes the notion of improvement with acts of brutal destruction, highlighting the disconnect between government rhetoric and the harsh realities faced by citizens.

A poignant example is the loss of a character's silver spittoon to the bulldozers. This incident symbolizes how personal and cultural histories can be carelessly erased in the name of modernization. It underscores the profound impact of political actions on individual lives and memories.

The analysis also draws important parallels between Rushdie's metaphorical use of the bulldozer and contemporary instances of state-sanctioned destruction. This connection underscores the enduring relevance of Rushdie's symbolism and its applicability to modern political contexts.

By utilizing the bulldozer as a central symbol, Rushdie offers readers a tangible means of understanding abstract concepts of power, oppression, and resistance. This literary technique effectively critiques the misuse of governmental authority and its far-reaching consequences on society.

References:

Barad, Dilip. (2024). Erasure and Oppression: The Bulldozer as a Tool of Authoritarianism in Midnight's Children. 10.13140/RG.2.2.18505.15209. 

Barad, Dilip. (2024). Postcolonial Voices: Analyzing Midnight's Children Through Theoretical Lenses. 10.13140/RG.2.2.16493.19689. 

Word Count: 1193

Images: 2

Thank you